Religious quiza are stories written in Arabic and are used by the imam and guru to teach Islam to children. If it collapsed, it was not deemed worthy to be occupied. These units settled in various parts of the lake, but were organized into four pengampong (states or encampments) administered by local datus (chieftains); these states were Bayabao, Masiu, Unayan, and Balo-i. Tausg horsemen in Sulu, taken on December 30, 1899. 1994. Access Date: September 14, 2022. Muslim exemptions from some national laws, as expressed in the Administrative Code for Mindanao, and the Muslim right to use their traditional Islamic courts, as expressed in the Moro board, were ended. The Maranao Malong. In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the Maranao comprise 26.4% of the total population, making it the largest of the Islamic groups in the ARMM. It is her soul that takes the exam, in fulfillment of her parents dream for her to finish her schooling. Production of shrimps and shells has decreased by 74%, while tilapia production decreased by 35%. The top official was tasked to appoint the members of the cabinet, subject to confirmation by the Regional Legislative Assembly and also had control of all the regional executive commissions, agencies, boards, bureaus, and offices. General Appropriations Act FY 2023 with UACS Code He sails to her kingdom and proposes marriage. PDF Relevance of "Pananaroon" to Islam and Culture of Mranaw An example of a religious quiza is the Izra-wal-Miraj, which tells the story of why Muslims pray five times a day. They bear him several daughters, and the family members live harmoniously. Recognizing this problem, the national government under the administration of President Corazon Aquino created the Lake Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council in 1992. However, the victory did not establish Spanish sovereignty over Sulu because the Tausug abrogated the treaty as soon as the Spaniards had left. The finer the patterns and the more subdued the colors, the higher the price. Kiss Campano, dir. Wudu (places of ablutions) are located near the mosque. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was situated in mainland Mindanao in the southern Philippines and was created by virtue of the Republic Act No. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao is the region located in the Mindanao Island group of the Philippines that is composed of predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao Del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. Muslim Separatism. The dance, which illustrates the various uses of the malong, became an integral part of the dance repertoire of the Maranao. During World War II, the Muslims in general supported the fight against the Japanese, who were less tolerant and harsher to them than the Manila government. )=x=x=x=x=Note :lIt maybe the intention of the original writer to conceal something in this beautiful literary piece. Seventeen episodes of the Darangen have been collected. The Constitution adopted in 1987 provided for politically autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera, then two regions perceived as having requested such autonomy, Muslim Mindanao by virtue of the Tripoli Agreement, and the Cordillera by virtue of the CPA's lobbying effort (Rood 1991:519). At present, the only remaining habitable Maranao torogan, built by Sultan sa Kawayan Makaantal during the American occupation of the Philippines, can be found in Bubung Malanding, Marantao, Lanao del Sur. The kakewing (wedding proper) is preceded by the kambitiara, a public recital by the pananalsila of the lineages of both the bride and the grooms families. Maranao mat weaving designs are purely geometric, and attending motifs have specific names, such as binitoon (starlike), onsod (pyramid), matilak (circle), and saragonting (cross-like). Armm culture and tradition pdf By Teng Lauban Data Cotabato City Bureau Chief. The region covers a total of 12,288 km. Title: Maranao. 1976, 73-74). 2017. It is the only region that has its own government. At the height of the war, the hero is not able to see his enemies; hence, he depends only on the sound of the rattling shields. 1975. Publication Date: November 18, 2020. Datu Akadir Akobar was killed, and Fort Marawi was taken by the Spaniards. The flooring of the house is of barimbingan wood; the walls, of gisuk wooden panels, profuse with okir; and the roof, of cogon grass secured on bamboo frames by rattan. San Fernando City, Pampanga. what are the similarities of luzon, visayas and mindanao what are the similarities of luzon, visayas and mindanao Regional Map of the Philippines- XII. December 2, 2023. Tradition has handed down the Maranao property law, which is very complex. From 1998 to 2007, voters in five towns of Lanao del Sur could not cast their votes in regular election days because of failure of elections. Preactlite 01 7 - Activity - Activity 1: Autonomous Region of Muslim Directed by MSU-IIT (Iligan Institute of Technology) alumna Krissza Mari Campano, the film received multiple awards from the 2012 MSU-IIT Institute for Peace Development in Mindanao (IPDM). Death is confirmed when the pulse is no longer felt and is announced by gongs and rifle fire. [1] However, the move to Parang was never made. They continue their trek until they find a place that Butuanon claims as his property and names it Bayabao, literally I am the one who chose first. Butuanon marries Baisa Kisali sa Miyakarang. The Prophet Muhammad is awakened one night by the angel Diabarail. "Yes, we are building a total of 100 barangay health stations this year," said Dr . Maranao theater can be classified into those dances that are either reenactments or adaptations of specific episodes of the epic or from the narrative Raja Indarapatra. 2005, 3). Each is given a sleeping space, provided with mats and sleeping pads, and divided from each other by cloth partitions. Okkil Art: Our Middle Eastern Tradition. The Spanish Colonial Period (16th Century): The Day of the Conquistador. Nevertheless, it wants a share of the sultans property when he dies. In 1886, General Torrero led an expedition against Datu Uto of Cotabato but although he was able to destroy the kota in Cotabato, he was unable to enforce Spanish sovereignty. Manila: The Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines. One day, Satan warns Ismael to stay away from his father, for he would be sacrificed. The most innovative malong makes use of the sewing machine. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for the ARMM" as amended in September 2001. [21] A plebiscite was held on August 14 in the provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Palawan, Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay, and the cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Iligan, Kidapawan, Marawi, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa, Digos, Koronadal, Tacurong, and Zamboanga. In 2020, Mindanawon filmmaker Jean Claire Dy and German artist Manuel Domes directed the documentary A House in Pieces. The Maulud-en-Nabi is celebrated on Rabi-al-Aw-wal, the 12th night of the third lunar calendar. The Maranao are known to practice rido, a system of retributive justice that erupts when maratabat (honor) of one family member is besmirched by a member of another family. [24] The deal, negotiated in secret talks with the MILF and subject to approval, would give the ARMM control of an additional 712 villages on the south west portion of Mindanao, as well as broader political and economic powers.[24]. Indigenous administrative structures persisted under the newly introduced sultanate system. From the base rise two lengths of wood from either side, intricately carved in the armalis motif. Mindanao's Literature of Conflict (Filipino Muslim Literature) Office of . The surface is approximately 780 to 2,300 meters above sea level. These petitions were not granted. The other does not reveal himself and becomes the ancestor of all unseen spirits that the Maranao invoke. Commercial activities include the sari-sari (variety) store; weaving, which is a womans occupation; and metalcraft such as brass making in Tugaya, which has been very lucrative. 2012. The melodic lines of Maranao traditional music and chants were modernized by music arranger Jesse Lucas by synthesizing them with other sounds. 1974. This gesture is considered an act of respect for the lakes ancestral spirits, who are believed to protect the child. 1977-78. Marawi City: MSU University Research Center. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines; Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, Los Baos, Laguna, Philippines; and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. The sultan, datu, and other aristocrats who constitute the traditional elite continue to wield influence in Maranao society. Mohajirin Ali, the partnership would accelerate BARMM's socioeconomic and peace development and integrate development initiatives in the identified fields of cooperation in Mindanao, including those concerns for the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA). The uprising ended the following day, 22 October, with 59 casualties, including 49 rebels and 6 of the government forces. Tingnan ang buong profile ni . The film also depicts how various sociopolitical institutions have failed to provide not just the rebuilding of material structures wrought by the war in Marawi City, but also the emotional and mental support that the evacuees need. In Maranao stories, birds, shrimps, and sparrows often play the protagonists. [10] The law was "deemed ratified" on January 25, 2019, following the January 21 plebiscite.[11][12][13]. Direction: Give three (3) famous or unique traditions and cultures in Cagayan Region. Caraga State University (Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology) P.3: Surigao del Sur State University (Surigao del Sur Polytechnic State College) P.4: Surigao State College of Technology: Q. The Loves and Wars of a Kingdom. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, vol. http://www.clickthecity.com/events/details. Culture, food, arts highlight Muslim Holy month in ARMM One outstanding example of Maranao wood carving is found in the galingan (spinning wheel), whose base is a solid wood block and whose sides are carved in the magoyada motif. These raids were repulsed by Spanish and Visayan forces. In many ways, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is perhaps the least known region in the Philippinesmaybe because it also the most geographically remote. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi - Tawi became the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. former autonomous region of the Philippines. Her wish is granted, and she dies in Minangoaw a Rogong. Area 36,537 square miles (94,630 square km). This law can become the basis for the successful implementation of the idea of autonomy of Mindanao. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990[20] in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. After the kambitiara, the kakewing takes place. However, in Lanao del Surs capital city of Marawi, the Maranao comprise 96% of the population. But the shrimp dies anyway. The Maranao live in agama (hamlets), politically defined by the presence of at least one torogan (great house), where community gatherings are held. Most Maranao follow standard Islamic beliefs and practices. The plebiscite was conducted in the proposed area of ARMM on November 17, 1989, in the provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. . This led to the defeat of Kudarats feared admiral, Datu Tagal, who had raided pueblos in the Visayas. He takes his klong (shield), made of the hardest wood and from which small bells hang. It is believed that if God had not granted Muhammads request, the Muslims today would have to pray 50 times a day. Crisscrossing the strip at two points are two horizontal strips that are smaller and simpler in design. The ceremonial calendar is Islamic (Lebar 1975, 39). The creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in 1990 left Central Mindanao with only Lanao del Norte, Sultan Kudarat, and Cotabato. The kambitiara can also be recited to praise and extol both families. 1975. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. Personal communication, 23 January. Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa and Steven Schoofs. The Muslim Filipinos. The following year, Don Pedro Bermudez de Castro led a campaign to erect a garrison in Lanao but was beaten back. Realizing the futility of armed resistance, some Muslims sought to make the best of the situation. Carved chests, headboards, or mosquito screens divide the interior into the sleeping and non-sleeping areas. The sultan asks Pilandok to take him there. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. Republic Act No. 10633 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the These and other factors contributed to Muslim resistance that took 10 years to pacify.. The Maranao do not generally engage in commercial agriculture. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. 1974. The lead performer starts chanting the dikir (dirge song) and, upon reaching a high note, stops for the next persons turn. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. The Tboli , also known as Tboli, Tiboli, and Tagabili, are an indigenous people living in the southern part of Mindanao , particularly in t Kankanaey , also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Provin Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. The membership at the time of ARMM's abolition was 24, where 6 are from Lanao del Sur including Marawi City, 6 from Maguindanao, 6 from Sulu, 3 from Basilan, and 3 from Tawi-Tawi. Other animals raised are the goat, and to a much lesser extent, chicken (Plagata et al. In 1578, a Spanish expedition that had been sent against Brunei defeated the Tausug of Sulu. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Mindanao State University AB Sociology. The Muslims, being generally averse to anything that threatens Islam and their way of life, were neither anti-American nor anti-Filipino per se. 14 min. 1083 A DECREE TO ORDAIN AND PROMULGATE A CODE RECOGNIZING THE SYSTEM OF FILIPINO MUSLIM LAWS, CODIFYING MUSLIM PERSONAL LAWS, AND PROVIDING FOR ITS ADMINISTRATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES", Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Official Website, Bureau of Public Information ARMM Latest News & Events in ARMM, BARMM Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines, Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, 2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, 2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao&oldid=1132082651, States and territories established in 1989, States and territories disestablished in 2019, 2019 disestablishments in the Philippines, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Filipino-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing Tagalog-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with incomplete citations from September 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 05:00. One outstanding example of Maranao metalwork is the silver in-laid, brass sarimanok piece from Taraka. Marawi City: From Kota to a Metropolis. In The Maranao, edited by Mamitua Saber and Adbullah Madale. 1983. Early morning or late afternoon is the best time to weave because the cooler temperature not only provides for the personal comfort of the weavers but also prevents the sesed from getting brittle. A few companies that had invested in ARMM-covered provinces before the peace deal with the MNLF have fared well, however, despite the volatile situation in the region. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (abbreviated ARMM) is the region, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that is composed of predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. This larger organization of hamlets is the effective political community, and its strong federal system serves to unite the four Maranao pengampong (states or encampments)Bayabao, Masiu, Unayan, and Balo-iinto the pat-a-pengampong ko ranao under the taritib (ancient order of customs, traditions, and usages observed in the community). The lumad (indigenous peoples) and their ancestral lands proved to be the most vulnerable during the imposition of martial law. 1974. The Muslim Filipinos and Islam. Mindanao Journal 3 (October-Deccember): 45-58. The Department of Mindanao and Sulu replaced the Moro province on 15 December 1913 and a year later created the province of Lanao. Several days later, the sultan is surprised to see a healthy Pilandok in court and inquires how it has managed to escape. It stands 30 to 220 centimeters above the ground and rests on nine to 12 bamboo or wooden poles. Fighter kites, which are kites made to fight in midair, are also popular with the Maranao. They are garbed in Maranao finery, complete with kerchief and tobao (a turban tied around the head) with one end pointing stiffly upwards. Manila: Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc. Isidro, Antonio. Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia. and the need to respect customs and traditions, including "indigenous political structures" that lie outside the formal government system. The battle ensued with hundreds of civilian residents unable to flee from Marawi City for safety. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao - Bangsamoro Republic - ResearchGate As a self-governing region, it could have attracted more substantial investments. Kapatagan, Lanao Del Norte. The court sided with the petitioners, who were mostly local officials from Mindanao, with the following two rulings: that the MOA-AD violated the constitution by creating a state-like entity, and that it went against existing legislation on ancestral domain by lumping even non-Muslim indigenous groups under a Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE). They celebrate the feast day of St. Augustine every 28th day of August. The reason is that yellow and gold, the colors of nobility, are approximated by this alloy. These may have been brought from Arabia to the southern Philippines through Malaya and Malacca. On the other hand, Islamic influence is evident in the following terms: sarip (keeper of traditions), alim (sublime porter), sherif, shayuk, hadji, imam, and calip or halip. One example of this last type is the kadaolat sa miatai. The childless Abraham has made a vow that, should he have a son, he would sacrifice the child to God. [21], The ARMM's sixth province, Shariff Kabunsuan, was carved out of Maguindanao on October 28, 2006. The two are married and a boy, Raja Indarapatra, is born to them. The dancers, trained early in their careers, are professionals. Art in Maranao Life. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, vol. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Maranao culture and its kulintang music have been documented in the films Maranao Culture at Home and in Diaspora, 34 minutes, and Kulintang Gong Music from Mindanao Philippines, 22 minutes. AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO FESTIVALS ALIWAN FESTIVAL An Annual festival held at Star City Complex, Pasay City. However, investments have been limited to small-scale enterprises, which have had very little impact on the regions economy (Wallace 2003, 7). The violent armed struggle against the Japanese, Filipinos, Spanish, and Americans is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Mindanao. The mala-a-walai is a single-room and partition-less structure. Some Maranao houses have posts resting on rounded boulders; these floating foundations prevent the structures from collapsing during earthquakes. But behind this thing, only authentic Maranaw fellow can properly pronounce it. Pulembonan is done for seven straight days during ashar (the prayer time during late afternoons when Allah grants most wishes). During delivery, the pandays hands work through and within the malong. Perez III, Rodrigo D., Rosario S. Encarnacion, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989. 1978. 1988. The direction of Mecca, which the congregation faces, is marked by a mihrab (niche in the wall). Lake Lanao: Its Past and Present Status. In Conservation and Ecological Management of Philippine Lakes in Relation to Fisheries and Aquaculture, edited by CB Santiago, ML Cuvin-Aralar and ZU Basiao, 29-39. The Maranao are basically Sunni Muslims, although traces of minor Shiite and Sufi influences can also be found. The furtive process by which the MOA-AD was designed and crafted runs contrary to and in excess of the legal authority, and amounts to a whimsical, capricious, oppressive, arbitrary and despotic exercise thereof. After the Philippine-American War, the Americans established direct rule over the newly formed Moro province, which consisted of five districts: Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao, and Sulu. Located in Lanao del Sur near the border of Lanao del Norte, the area is roughly triangular in shape, with a 28.8-kilometer-long base. Aquilino Pimentel Jr., a Duterte ally and advocate for federalism, said in an interview[when?] De los Reyes, Roberto A. A Preliminary Classification of Muslim Literature in the Philippines. It exchanges lies for truths, truths for lies, the unreal for the real; it amuses, ridicules, criticizes its adversaries, plays tricks on them, but always wins out in the end. http://entertainment.inquirer.net/58734. In Basa Iranon, the Maranao language, Marawi literally means a place where things are inclined or centered. The city is bisected by the Agus River, which is the only outlet of the lake to the sea to the north and which feeds the Maria Cristina Falls, now the major source of hydroelectric power throughout Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur. The lion laughs in disbelief, so the dog takes the lion to the pools of clear water, which, he claims, are the lions prisons. The first wife painfully agrees and helps to raise the bride wealth. The undyed portion results in the motif. The body is washed by the imam and wrapped in white cloth before it is brought to the mosque for saltul gaib (prayer for the dead) and then to the grave. In 2011 the Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) sponsored a Sineng Pambansa short-film competition with the theme Peace. Three Maranao students of the MSU-Marawi won the top awards: Doss Lucman Pacasum for Renek (To Be at Peace), Sittie Ayeesha Dicali for Pagari (Brothers), and Najib Alyhar Benito Zacaria for Margas (Rice). The imam recites the wedding rite and gives advice on the duties and responsibilities involved in married life. Sumali o mag-sign in para mahanap ang susunod mong trabaho. Folk Baskets. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, vol. Maranao tutul (folktales) can be divided into tutul sa pakapoon (legends), tutul a pangangayaman (fables), tutul o mnga suda ago papanok (stories of birds and fishes), and tutul a piya kakuyakayad (funny stories) like the Pilandok tales. This was, however, turned down by a plebiscite. This incident contributed to the rise of various separatist movements: the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), Ansar El-Islam, and the Union of Islamic Forces and Organizations. The autonomous region of Muslim Mindanaoconsisting of territory in western and southwestern Mindanao along with a number of nearby islands, including Tawi Tawi and Jolowas established in 1990. 2012 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics. NSCB website. The creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in 2019 renewed hopes for peaceful coexistence between communities after decades of war in the southern Philippines. One outstanding example is the pagoda-like, three-tiered mosque in Taraka, Lanao del Sur. Photographs by Joseph R. Fortin and John K. Chua. In the most common version of the dance, four bamboos are placed in a crisscross position and the pasisingkil (dancer) steps between clapping bamboos. One underlying feature of Maranao visual art, be it brass, silver, textile, or wood, is okir. During the festivities, the imam recounts the life of the Prophet: his boyhood, the sacrifices he made, how he was able to spread Islam to neighboring countries, the battles he fought, his return to Mecca, and his last pilgrimage. Maranao People of the Philippines: History, Culture and Arts, Customs The bird flies to the kingdom of Mantapoli and destroys all its trees, including those in the garden of the sultan. Establishment of the ARMM The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act No. Nevertheless, Darangen remains relevant to the lives of the modern Maranao, some of whose elders cite it when applying custom law (UNESCO 2005). The island has a marsh-game refuge and bird sanctuary. Explain it how it is done or celebrated. Margas, 10 minutes, begins with Karim saying his morning prayer as his wife prepares breakfast and listens to the news broadcast that a girl has been kidnapped. Durante, Ofelia, Norma Gomez, Ester Sevilla, and Howard Maego. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines. Halik sa Kampilan (Kiss on the Sword), 1978, is Frank G. Riveras original play depicting the Mindanao peoples displacement and struggle for land. Islam, however, has not totally eradicated the pre-Islamic Maranao cosmology that talks of a seven-layered earth, the first of which is the human world, and the second, a world populated by the karibang (dwarfs). The Lumad of Mindanao includes all the ethnic tribes and peoples who are not Muslims or Christians. Jihad or the natural right to self-defense finds expression in holy war, when Muslim land and religion are threatened. He was killed in an ambush, and his troops retreated to an anchorage near Zamboanga. Mga ida-ida wata (childrens songs) are also part of the vocal music repertoire. The first subdivides into four territories: forbidden, that is, Mecca and Medina; reserve, that is, Iraq, Syria, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, and other areas controlled by Muslims; canonical, where Muslims are allowed to practice their faith in a non-Islamic country, like the Philippines; and irredentist, of which Muslims had control until they were forced out by nations like Spain and Israel. Land ownership is difficult to assess as property transfer is often contested by traditional claims. 1991. The government peace deal with the MNLF, which had led to the creation of the ARMM, did not lead to lasting peace as was hoped. A Linguistic Atlas of the Philippines. These included the creation of provincial and district institutions; the introduction of the public school system and American-inspired judicial system; the imposition of the cedula (head tax); the migration of Christians to Muslim lands, with the encouragement of the colonial government; and the abolition of slavery. The dog, though initially terrified, instantly composes himself.
