An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. At the . History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "White Lotus Rebellion Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Omissions? In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. ", Dai, Yingcong. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. Kublai Khan 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Chien-lung The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. And so the war was waged. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. #ga-ad {display: none;} We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Updates? As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. . A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Corrections? The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. "White Lotus Rebellion 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). As one Qing official complained:[9]. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." He simply and quietly disappeared. //List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom
